La evaluación de los productos de almacenamiento se realiza fundamentalmente atendiendo a los factores de rendimiento, seguridad, administración y precio. De estos factores, el rendimiento es el más difícil de ser interpretado. Es más, lo más frecuente es que sea malinterpretado a la hora de hacer comparativas entre soluciones de almacenamiento de distintos fabricantes. El ejemplo más claro lo tenemos con el uso de las IOPS (operaciones de E/S por segundo), que con frecuencia se usa como elemento de media del rendimiento.
El valor de IOPS depende de:
Las carecterísticas técnicas de la cabina:
- Parámetros de disco (tamaño, velocidad, latencia, …)
- Número de discos
- Nivel de raid
- Tamaño de stripe
- Tamaño de cola de puerto de frontend
- Tamaño de cola de lun de backend
- Distribución de las distintas cachés de frontend y backend, algoritmos y dedicación para tipos de operación (lectura y escritura).
- …
Y las carecterísticas del trabajo que se genera sobre la cabina:
- Porcentaje de lecturas y escrituras generadas
- Porcentajes de media de lecturas y escrituras en caché
- Tamaño de bloque utilizado por la aplicación
- Tamaño de IO
- Tipo de trabajo generado: secuencial / random
- …
Los fabricantes disponen de calculadoras de predicción y que facilitan el complejo cálculo de IOPS en función de dichas características. Un ejemplo podeis encontrarlo aquí:
http://www.itcm.es/Calculadoras/IOPSCalculator.htm
Dado que el valor de IOPS en una cabina de almacenamiento depende de parámetros fundamentales relacionados con el entorno de trabajo, el valor que suelen publicitar los fabricantes es el valor alcanzado en las condiciones óptimas. Este valor dificilmente se alcanzará en un entorno que no tenga esas mismas condiciones. Debido la multitud de factores que afectan al rendimiento, la única medida fiable será aquella que se obtiene desde el entorno real de trabajo. Se podría deducir que es imposible predecir la solución de almacenamiento que proporcinará mejor rendimiento en un entorno determinado. Quizás sí, con la ayuda de los benchmarks:
Un benchmark en almacenamiento emplea una carga de datos (que puede ser obtenida mediante un generador de carga) fijada mediante reglas y con mecanismos de medida determinados, a menudo verificado por terceras partes. El objetivo final es que estos resultados permitan la comparativa entre productos de una forma válida.
Existen dos organismos que ofrecen benchmarks para almacenamiento: SPC (Storage Performance Council) y SPEC (Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation).
Fuente: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/
Un generador de carga es la herramienta utilizada para simular una carga deseada para realizar medidas bajo determinadas condiciones y ayudar a mostrar el comportamiento del sistema ante determinadas situaciones.
Dos de los generadores de carga más utilizados son opensource: vdbench e iometer, aunque existen otros creados por diversos fabricantes de almacenamiento.
vdbench: Generador de carga creado originalmente por Sun Microsystems, desarrollado originalmente para ajustarse a la SPC-2, aunque puede crear simular multitud de entornos de carga debido a su flexibilidad. En la actualidad está liberado por licencia GPLv2 y multiplataforma. Conjuntamente con SWAT que es una utilidad propiedad en la actualidad de Oracle y disponible gratuitamente para sus clientes, se pueden obtener sus resultados en modo gráfico facilitando enormemente su análisis.
iometer: Se trata del generador de carga más conocido y usado debido a su sencillez en la parametrización de entorno de carga y a que es gráfico. Liberado por licencia GPLv2.
El generador de carga se parametriza para ajustarse a las características de la carga, y de ahí que puedan crearse condiciones favorables para la medidas. Es habitual que un fabricante muestre sus impresionantes resultados sobre un equipo etiquetándo erróneamente la prueba como un benchmark, dando lugar a equivocos cuando se quiere realizar una comparativa con otro producto. Es una idea bastante extendida tomar los generadores de carga como benchmarks, cuando en realidad son solo una parte de estos. Es importante estar alerta ante este tipo de datos a menudo proporcionados por fabricantes ya que los invalida para la comparativa entre productos al no garantizar igualdad de condiciones.
Concluyendo, la mejor manera de realizar comparativas válidas es utilizar benchmarks, dado que son mecanismos estandarizados por la industria del almacenamiento. Están basados en aplicaciones de generación de carga bajo estrictas reglas en la toma de medidas, validado por terceras partes y con uniformidad en la muestra de resultados.
About Jose Luis Viñas
10+ years experienced IT systems engineer (5+ working in critical environments). Strong background delivering quality and reliable services based on client needs and providing rapid responses to user requests. Focus on UNIX systems, storage infrastructure and backup systems.
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In December of 2017, Donald Trump made history by recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Why is this big news? Because by this the Jewish people of Israel are now able to press forward in bringing about the Third Temple prophesied in the Bible.
Jewish Rabbis have publicly announced that their Messiah will be revealed in the coming years who will be a leader and spiritual guide to all nations, gathering all religions under the worship of one God.
Biblical prophecy tells us that this Jewish Messiah who will take the stage will be the antichrist «who opposes and exalts himself above all that is called God or that is worshiped, so that he sits as God in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God» (2 Thessalonians 2:4). For a time he will bring about a false peace, but «Therefore when you see the ‘abomination of desolation,’ spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (Matthew 24:15)…then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be» (Matthew 24:21).
More importantly, the power that runs the world wants to put a RFID microchip in our body making us total slaves to them. This chip matches perfectly with the Mark of the Beast in the Bible, more specifically in Revelation 13:16-18:
«He causes all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their foreheads, and that no one may buy or sell except one who has the mark or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.
Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man: His number is 666.»
Referring to the last days, this could only be speaking of a cashless society, which we have yet to see, but are heading towards. Otherwise, we could still buy or sell without the mark amongst others if physical money was still currency. This Mark couldn’t be spiritual because the word references two different physical locations. If it was spiritual it would just say in the forehead. RFID microchip implant technology will be the future of a one world cashless society containing digital currency. It will be implanted in the right-hand or the forehead, and we cannot buy or sell without it. Revelation 13:11-18 tells us that a false prophet will arise on the world scene doing miracles before men, deceiving them to receive this Mark. Do not be deceived! We must grow strong in Jesus. AT ALL COSTS, DO NOT TAKE IT!
«Then a third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, “If anyone worships the beast and his image, and receives his mark on his forehead or on his hand, he himself shall also drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out full strength into the cup of His indignation. He shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb. And the smoke of their torment ascends forever and ever; and they have no rest day or night, who worship the beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name” (Revelation 14:9-11).
People have been saying the end is coming for many years, but we needed two key things. One, the Third Temple, and two, the technology for a cashless society to fulfill the prophecy of the Mark of the Beast.
Visit http://WWW.BIBLEFREEDOM.COM to see proof for these things and why the Bible truly is the word of God!
If you haven’t already, it is time to seek God with all your heart. Jesus loves you more than you could imagine. He wants to have a relationship with you and redeem you from your sins. Turn to Him and repent while there is still hope! This is forever…God bless!
«EITHER HUMAN INTELLIGENCE ULTIMATELY OWES ITS ORIGIN TO MINDLESS MATTER OR THERE IS A CREATOR…» – JOHN LENNOX
We all know God exists. Why? Because without Him, we couldn’t prove anything at all. Do we live our lives as if we cannot know anything? No. So why is God necessary? In order to know anything for certain, you would have to know everything, or have revelation from somebody who does. Who is capable of knowing everything? God. So to know anything, you would have to be God, or know God.
A worldview without God cannot account for the uniformity and intelligibility of nature. And why is it that we can even reason that God is the best explanation for this if there is no God? We are given reason to know or reject God, but never to know that He does not exist.
It has been calculated by Roger Penrose that the odds of the initial conditions for the big bang to produce the universe that we see to be a number so big, that we could put a zero on every particle in the universe, and even that would not be enough to use every zero. What are the odds that God created the universe? Odds are no such thing. Who of you would gamble your life on one coin flip?
Is there evidence that the Bible is the truth? Yes. Did you know that the creation accounts listed in the book of Genesis are not only all correct, but are also in the correct chronological order? That the Bible doesn’t say the Earth was formed in six 24-hour days but rather six long but finite periods of time? That the Bible makes 10 times more creation claims than all major «holy» books combined with no contradictions, while these other books have errors in them? The Bible stood alone by concurring with the big bang saying, «In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth» (Genesis 1:1); and says our universe is expanding, thousands of years before scientists discovered these things. Watch a potential life-changing video on the website listed below with Astronomer(PhD) Hugh Ross explaining all these facts based on published scientific data. He has authored many books, backed even by atheist scientists.
Jesus came to pay a debt that we could not; to be our legal justifier to reconcile us back to a Holy God; only if we are willing to receive Him: «For the wages of sin is death…» (Romans 6:23).
God so loved the world that He gave us His only begotten son, so that whoever believes in Him, through faith, shall not perish, but have everlasting life. Jesus says if we wish to enter into life to keep the commands! The two greatest commands are to love God with all your heart, soul, strength, and mind; and your neighbor as yourself. All the law hang on these commands. We must be born of and lead by the Holy Spirit, to be called children of God, to inherit the kingdom. If we are willing to humble ourselves in prayer to Jesus, to confess and forsake our sins, He is willing to give the Holy Spirit to those who keep asking of Him; giving us a new heart, leading us into all truth!
Jesus came to free us from the bondage of sin. The everlasting fire was prepared for the devil and his angels due to disobedience to God’s law. If we do the same, what makes us any different than the devil? Jesus says unless we repent, we shall perish. For sin is the transgression of the law. We must walk in the Spirit so we may not fulfill the lusts of the flesh, being hatred, fornication, drunkenness and the like. Whoever practices such things will not inherit the kingdom (Galatians 5:16-26). If we sin, we may come before Jesus to ask for forgiveness (1 John 2:1-2). Evil thoughts are not sins, but rather temptations. It is not until these thoughts conceive and give birth by our own desires that they become sin (James 1:12-15). When we sin, we become in the likeness of the devil’s image, for he who sins is of the devil (1 John 3:8); but if we obey Jesus, in the image of God. For without holiness, we shall not see the Lord (Hebrews 12:14).
The oldest religion in the world is holiness through faith (James 1:27). What religion did Adam and Eve follow before the fall? Jesus, Who became the last Adam, what religion does He follow? Is He not holy? He never told us to follow the rituals and traditions of man but to take up our cross and follow Him (Luke 9:23). There are many false doctrines being taught leading people astray. This is why we need the Holy Spirit for discernment. Unlike religion, holiness cannot be created. It is given to us from above by the baptism of the Spirit. Jesus is more than a religion; He is about having a personal relationship with the Father. Start by reading the Gospel of Matthew, to hear the words of God, to know His character and commandments. Follow and obey Jesus, for He is the way, the truth, and the life!
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